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"Tourism"
research Vol. 4, No. 1 (2026) • pp. 1-17

ESG uncertainty, economic growth, and tourism performance in the United States: A wavelet quantile mediation and moderation analysis

Abdul Qudus Adeniyi Abdul Azeez

The United States tourism sector faces growing exposure to sustainability-related uncertainty and shifting macroeconomic conditions. This study examines the direct effect of ESG uncertainty (ESGU) on tourist arrivals (TOR) and investigates whether economic growth (ECOG) moderates or mediates this relationship. Using quarterly data for 2002–2025, the analysis applies a wavelet quantile regression framework extended to mediation and moderation, allowing effects to vary across distributional states and short-, medium-, and long-term horizons. The direct effect of ESGU on TOR is nonlinear and horizon-specific: in the short term, ESGU reduces arrivals at the extreme lower quantile (τ = 0.01) but is associated with higher arrivals at the upper tail (τ = 0.95). In the medium term, a positive ESGU effect persists at upper quantiles (τ = 0.60–0.80). Economic growth does not significantly moderate the ESGU-tourism relationship at any quantile or horizon. As a mediator, ESGU affects economic growth positively only at the lower tail in the short term, but negatively at selected quantiles in the medium and long term. Since economic growth supports tourism at medium- and long-term upper and lower tails, the indirect effect of ESGU on tourism through growth is negative and significant in the medium and long term at distributional extremes, though absent in the short term. These findings point to the importance of horizon- and state-specific policy design for managing sustainability-related uncertainty in the U.S. tourism sector.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20613666
research Vol. 4, No. 1 (2026) • pp. 65-85

Smart destination applications in Türkiye and global examples: A comparative analysis

Hasene Nur Gök, Şule Aydın

This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of smart city/destination applications in Türkiye and around the world and to identify areas where smart destination management can be further developed in Türkiye. The research was designed using a multiple-case study approach within the framework of qualitative research. Document review was utilized as the data collection technique, and secondary sources such as academic studies, institutional reports, municipal websites, strategy documents, project descriptions, and digital destination applications were evaluated. The study’s sample was determined using purposive sampling; a total of ten cities were included in the analysis: Benidorm, Singapore, Helsinki, Amsterdam, and Valencia from around the world, and Konya, Istanbul, Izmir, Antalya, and Mugla from Türkiye. The global cities were treated as the global reference group, while the Turkish cities were treated as the local analysis group. The data were analyzed using a thematic analysis method that combined deductive and inductive approaches. As a result of the analysis, nine main themes were identified: smart governance and institutional capacity; smart transportation and mobility; digital services and local resident/visitor experience; data-driven management and digital infrastructure; smart tourism and cultural heritage management; environmental sustainability and resource management; accessibility, inclusivity, and visitor convenience; innovation ecosystem and experimental applications; and security, risk, and resilience management. The findings indicate that cities in Türkiye have advanced examples, particularly in transportation integration, mobile municipal services, digital payment systems, geographic information system (GIS)-based mapping, and tourist information applications. In contrast, it was determined that in cities around the world, data-driven decision support systems, digital twin applications, environmental sensor infrastructures, capacity management, living lab applications, institutional certification, and inclusive accessibility solutions have developed in a more comprehensive and measurable manner. In conclusion, the study highlights that smart destination applications in Türkiye should not remain limited to the level of digital service delivery but must be transformed into data-driven, sustainable, inclusive, measurable, and integrated destination management systems.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21759169
research Vol. 4, No. 1 (2026) • pp. 47-63

The glass ceiling experiences and professional challenges of female employees in travel agencies: A qualitative study in Düzce province

Muhammet Caner Kaya, Meryem Muhafiz, Ezgi Aydemir, Meryem Demirkal, Hilal Akyol

Women’s participation in the workforce has increased in various sectors both globally and in Turkey following the Industrial Revolution. However, despite this increase, women remain underrepresented in senior management positions. This situation points to the existence of invisible barriers that limit women’s career advancement and is explained in the literature by the concept of the “glass ceiling.” The purpose of this study is to examine the phenomenon of the glass ceiling that women face in their professional lives, the validity of this phenomenon under current conditions, and the difficulties women encounter in their participation in the workforce, specifically within the context of the tourism sector. In the literature, glass ceiling barriers are generally addressed in three dimensions: individual, organizational, and societal. Individual barriers are associated with women’s self-confidence, career perceptions, and professional attitudes; organizational barriers are linked to internal organizational practices, promotion processes, and discriminatory approaches; and societal barriers are related to traditional gender roles and expectations regarding work-life balance. The tourism sector is one of the areas where female employees’ experiences with the glass ceiling have become more visible due to long working hours, a fast-paced work environment, a seasonal employment structure, and working conditions that require emotional labor. Accordingly, this study was conducted within a qualitative research framework to examine the professional experiences of women working at Group A travel agencies in Düzce Province and to identify the barriers they face in their career development. Data for the study were collected through semi-structured interviews with three female participants and analyzed using content analysis. The study found that individual, organizational, and societal barriers affect women’s career development to varying degrees; recommendations were developed to strengthen women’s employment in the tourism sector and support their career development processes.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21378221
Research Papers Vol. 3, No. 2 (2025) • pp. 39-51

Determining the professional self-esteem levels of tourism guide students

Seda Çiçekli Ayyıldız, Hande Akyurt Kurnaz

This study aims to examine the levels of professional self-esteem among students enrolled in a tourism guiding program and to determine whether these levels differ according to selected demographic and educational variables. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 198 undergraduate students studying tourism guiding at a public university during the 2024-2025 academic year. Professional self-esteem was measured using an adapted version of the Professional Self-Esteem Scale, and the data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, independent samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. The results indicate that students generally exhibit moderate to high levels of professional self-esteem. Significant differences were observed in certain dimensions of professional self-esteem with respect to gender and class level. Furthermore, prior knowledge about the profession and voluntarily choosing the program were found to be significant determinants of students' sense of professional belonging. These findings suggest that professional self-esteem among tourism guiding students is shaped not only by individual characteristics but also by educational experiences and informed career choices. The study contributes to the limited empirical literature on professional self-esteem in tourism education and provides insights for strengthening professional identity development in tourism guiding programs. 

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18096641
Research Papers Vol. 3, No. 2 (2025) • pp. 53-65

The role of service orientation in shaping tourism students' willingness to work within the sector

Selda Güven, Berna Mazlum, Esra Cesur, Seda Şahin, Merve Aycan

A shortage of qualified personnel in the tourism sector adversely affects service quality, a problem exacerbated by insufficient tourism-trained staff and the tendency of tourism graduates to leave the industry. This study aims to examine the relationship between service orientation and the intention to work in the tourism sector, as well as to identify potential differences based on demographic and educational characteristics. Data were collected from 470 tourism students through convenience sampling and analyzed using SPSS and AMOS statistical software. The findings indicate that the type of degree program significantly influences service orientation. Moreover, the intention to work in the tourism sector varies according to the type of university attended, voluntary department choice, prior awareness of job requirements, and the decision to pursue tourism education despite knowledge of employment conditions. The results reveal a statistically significant and positive relationship between service orientation and the intention to work in the tourism sector. These findings suggest that alignment between individual personality traits and career choice enhances employee effectiveness and contributes to service quality and sectoral sustainability.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18106632
Research Papers Vol. 3, No. 2 (2025) • pp. 67-85

Socio-cultural, economic and environmental impacts of tourism from the perspective of local people: A field study in the context of sustainability

Gökhan Onat, Ramazan YAĞCI, Hümeyra KASAR, Ömer ERTAN, Hamza YILMAZ

The purpose of this study is to examine the environmental, socio-cultural, and economic perceptions of the local population living in the provinces of Rize and Trabzon in the Eastern Black Sea Region regarding sustainable tourism development within the framework of stakeholder theory and to reveal whether these perceptions differ according to demographic variables. A quantitative research design was adopted in the study; data were obtained from 360 participants reached through convenience sampling via a questionnaire prepared using a 5-point Likert scale. The construct validity of the scale was tested using exploratory factor analysis, and its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In addition to descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in the analysis of the data. The research findings show that the local community's perceptions of the economic effects of tourism are highly positive, while they exhibit a more cautious attitude regarding environmental and socio-cultural effects. Furthermore, it was determined that perceptions of economic sustainability significantly strengthened with increasing education level and income; age, marital status, and monthly income variables created significant differences in some sustainability dimensions. In contrast, no significant differences in perceptions were found based on gender, income from tourism, and place of residence variables. The research highlights the decisive role of local community perceptions in the success of sustainable tourism policies; it contributes to the development of region-specific governance and planning strategies aimed at strengthening local participation within the stakeholder theory framework.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18115780
Research Papers Vol. 3, No. 2 (2026) • pp. 87-99

Haute Cuisine, Cultural Capital, and Tourist Destination Image: A Qualitative Study from Türkiye

Osman Özer

This study approaches haute cuisine and fine dining not only as an area of gastronomic development but also as a strategic tool for the image building, international positioning, and competitive differentiation of tourist destinations. The primary objective of the research is to examine the role of the fine dining ecosystem in Turkey on destination image from a multi-stakeholder perspective and to reveal its contributions to the destination marketing and management literature. The research was designed within the qualitative research paradigm using a phenomenological approach; data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. A total of 19 participants, selected through purposive sampling, consisted of Michelin-starred chefs, fine dining restaurant owners, young generation chefs, gastronomy academics, gastronomy writers, consumers who regularly experience fine dining, and international gastrotourists. The data obtained were analyzed using thematic analysis. The research findings show that fine dining experiences enhance the perceived prestige, cultural sophistication, and experiential value of destinations. Fine dining stands out as a symbolic tool that highlights the dimensions of exclusivity and quality in destination image, especially for tourist segments with high spending potential. It was determined that international guides such as the Michelin Guide play an important role in increasing the global visibility of Turkey's fine dining scene; however, this visibility has not yet been transformed into a comprehensive and sustainable strategy in the context of destination marketing and management. In conclusion, the study reveals that fine dining is not only a gastronomic value for Turkey but also a strategic asset in terms of destination image and international competitiveness; it offers important theoretical and practical insights in the context of destination management, gastronomic diplomacy, and brand positioning.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18118050
Research Papers Vol. 3, No. 1 (2025) • pp. 11-16

Accessible tourism in Cappadocia: a qualitative study from the perspective of tourism stakeholders

Fatmagül Hanbal, Koray Çamlıca

This study aims to examine the current state of accessible tourism in the Cappadocia region through the perceptions of tourism stakeholders. Adopting a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 tourism professionals, and thematic analysis was applied. The findings reveal that despite the region's natural and historical appeal, accessibility for individuals with disabilities is limited due to physical infrastructure deficiencies, inadequate staff training, and geographical challenges. Participants made recommendations emphasizing infrastructure improvements, training programs, and the role of local authorities. The research highlights the need for systemic interventions to make Cappadocia an inclusive destination, contributing to sustainable tourism policies.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951209
Theoretical paper Vol. 3, No. 1 (2025) • pp. 1-9

An overview of the Sephardic Cultural Heritage in İzmir through the lens of religious tourism

Selda Yesügey

The aim of this study is to examine the Sephardic Jewish cultural heritage in İzmir from the perspective of religious tourism, to raise awareness about this heritage, and to explore how it can be preserved and sustainably utilized through tourism. Adopting a qualitative research approach, the study relies on secondary data sources to conduct a situational analysis. Within this scope, both tangible heritage elements, such as places of worship and residential spaces related to Sephardic Jews in İzmir, and intangible cultural heritage elements, including culinary traditions, handicrafts, and the Ladino language, are examined. Due to the limitations of the research, the four most prominent and best-preserved synagogues among the 11 Sephardic synagogues in Izmir were emphasized. For culinary culture, Boyoz and Sübye, known as Izmir delicacies, were discussed. The study aims to contribute to destination marketing strategies, the development of alternative tourism forms, and the preservation of cultural diversity. Additionally, it seeks to address a gap in the literature by contributing to the field of religious tourism through the relatively underexplored case of Sephardic Judaism in Türkiye.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16910782
Theoretical paper Vol. 3, No. 1 (2025) • pp. 17-23

Digital revitalization of cultural and historical experiences in the Van Lake Basin with augmented reality: A conceptual approach

Ali Bozbey, Ali İnanır

Augmented reality (AR) applications can support tourism through the reconstruction of historical structures in their original forms, interactive tour guides, and digital information systems. The aim of this study is to explore how the cultural and historical heritage of the  Van Lake Basin can be digitized using AR technology and how a more interactive experience can be offered to visitors. Creating a conceptual framework in this research was conducted by reviewing the literature and considering the resources available in the region evaluates the impacts and feasibility of augmented reality in the regional tourism sector. The findings reveal that implementing AR applications at historical and touristic sites in the Van Lake Basin can contribute both to the local economy and to the region's potential to become a sustainable tourism destination. However, it has also been observed that certain infrastructure and technical requirements must be met in order to effectively implement such applications. It is anticipated that this study will increase academic interest in the region within the context of augmented reality and provide guidance for local authorities and the tourism sector, making AR applications a more attractive option.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17100614
Research Papers Vol. 2, No. 2 (2024) • pp. 89-103

Adaptation issues faced by MESEM students in the tourism sector

Çiğdem Mutlu

This study examines the problems encountered by students receiving tourism education at Vocational Education Centers (VECs) in Turkey during their adaptation to the sector and their suggestions for solutions. Using a phenomenological design from qualitative research methods, interviews were conducted with 30 students, 10 teachers and 8 workplace representatives. The findings show that students experience problems such as intensive working hours, imbalance between theoretical and practical training, social adaptation problems and insufficient vacation days. Employers stated that students' practical skills do not meet sectoral expectations. Suggestions for solutions include mentoring programs, psychological support, flexible training programs, stronger collaboration with the sector and updating training materials. The study provides guidance to policy makers to improve the quality of vocational education and provide the sector with a qualified workforce

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14926637
Review Paper Vol. 2, No. 2 (2024) • pp. 59-68

Digitalization in the Tourism Sector and Future Trends

Yunus Doğan

This study examines the impact of digitalization on the tourism sector and explores future trends. The rapid advancement of digital technologies has led to profound changes in the tourism industry, deeply influencing both tourists' travel experiences and the way tourism businesses provide their services. The study addresses the effects of digitalization on tourism under subheadings such as online reservation systems, social media, virtual reality, augmented reality, digital marketing strategies, and future trends. Digital platforms have transformed the processes of travel planning, booking, and experience sharing, with social media playing a significant role in shaping tourists' travel preferences. Furthermore, virtual and augmented reality technologies are increasingly integrated into tourism experiences, influencing tourists' decision-making processes. The findings of this study aim to comprehensively reveal the transformation of the tourism sector due to digitalization and its impact on both tourists and businesses, offering valuable contributions to industry practitioners and the academic literature.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14540238
Review Paper Vol. 2, No. 2 (2024) • pp. 69-80

The effect of food and beverages served in accommodation businesses on destination attractiveness

Gökhan Onat

Food and beverage services offered in accommodation establishments are one of the most important elements of the tourism experience. Local cuisine experiences are becoming more and more prominent among tourists' motivations for choosing destinations. Increasing the attractiveness of destinations and ensuring the satisfaction of tourists is directly related to authentic and quality gastronomy services. Food and beverages are considered to be not only a means of consumption but also an important tool for cultural identity and brand value of destinations. In this context, local gastronomy elements offered to tourists can positively affect the overall image of the destination and visitor loyalty. In this study, the effects of food and beverages offered in accommodation establishments on destination attractiveness are examined in the light of the research in the literature. A total of 15 studies were evaluated using content analysis method and the effects of these services on tourist satisfaction, behavioral intentions and destination preferences were revealed. The findings show that quality and authentic gastronomy services have the power to differentiate destinations and this positively affects tourists' destination preferences. In addition, factors such as the way food is presented, its visuality and the atmosphere of the environment in which it is presented are also found to strengthen tourist satisfaction. However, it was emphasized that low quality services may lead to tourist dissatisfaction and damage the image of the destination. With these aspects, gastronomy tourism is considered as a powerful strategic tool in destination marketing.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14540498
Theoretical paper Vol. 2, No. 1 (2024) • pp. 1-12

The role of leadership and emotional intelligence in destination management: A conceptual review

Seçkin Kodal

This study examines the importance of leaders' emotional intelligence skills in the tourism sector and their impact on both employee performance and destination management. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability of leaders to understand and manage their own emotions and the emotions of others and to behave accordingly. In the management of tourism destinations, high levels of emotional intelligence in leaders can have positive effects not only on employee motivation and job satisfaction, but also on the sustainability and competitiveness of the destination. This article discusses the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership within a theoretical framework and discusses the applications of these two concepts in the tourism sector and especially in destination management. By analyzing the research in the literature, the effects of emotional intelligence on leadership and its benefits in the context of destination management are emphasized and practical suggestions are presented in this framework.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13284064
Theoretical paper Vol. 2, No. 1 (2024) • pp. 35-42

Environmental, social and economic dilemmas of outdoor recreation and tourism: A conceptual research

Ayten Özçelik, İlker Gül

Tourism activities encompass a wide range of experiences. Industrialized tourism in our country is clustered in specific locations with hotels, restaurants and entertainment areas and is planned in the same way as industrial areas. Facilities and regulations are part of tourism development. On the other hand, tourism also manifests itself in open spaces and nature. Camping activities, caravan tourism activities, nature walks can be counted among common recreational activities. Unlike established tourism activities, such outdoor recreational activities are relatively unregulated by the legislator and have a high degree of mobility. While they bring the economic effects of tourism to areas where there is no facility, they also bring environmental, social and managerial impacts. At this point, such open space recreations, which can be spread over large areas, provide economic benefits throughout the country, while also presenting environmental and social dilemmas as a problem. This conceptual discussion aims to draw on the existing literature and research to identify the problems associated with open space activities and to provide implications for policy makers and tourists.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14253819
Theoretical paper Vol. 2, No. 1 (2024) • pp. 13-23

The role of destination carrying capacity within the framework of flow theory

Yusuf Karakuş, Eren Erkılıç

This study addresses the critical relationship between tourist destination carrying capacity and flow theory. In this way, a framework has been drawn by focusing on its complex impact on sustainable destination management. Tourism carrying capacity, defined as the maximum number of tourists that a destination can accommodate without compromising environmental integrity, the well-being of local people or visitor satisfaction, is of central importance in ensuring long-term sustainability. At the same time, flow theory, which defines the state of commitment and satisfaction experienced by individuals, provides an important framework for improving the quality of tourist experiences. This article argues that balancing the carrying capacity of a destination with the principles of flow theory is vital for both environmental sustainability and high-quality visitor experiences. Although issues related to carrying capacity are frequently studied, providing a perspective within the framework of flow theory can provide a better understanding of the existing realities of destination management mechanisms. In this context, the originality of this study is that the literature is examined from a theoretical perspective and the problems related to carrying capacity management are explained from different perspectives. As a result of the theoretical findings, managerial and theoretical suggestions are presented.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13331419
Theoretical paper Vol. 1, No. 1 (2023) • pp. 15-23

Navigating tourist preferences: The role of cognitive shortcuts in destination choice

Yusuf Karakuş

Theoretical research explores the intricate process of tourist destination selection, focusing on cognitive psychology and cognitive shortcuts. These cognitive shortcuts, which simplify decision-making, are studied in the context of visitor choices. Drawing from cognitive psychology, consumer behavior, and tourism studies, the study comprehensively examines cognitive heuristics, how they relate to perception, motivation, trust, and preferences. Influential factors include destination image, marketing, risk perception, and culture. The study not only enhances understanding but also offers practical insights for Destination Management Organizations. Strategies include shaping destination image, addressing travel risks, and reducing choice overload. In essence, this research illuminates the cognitive shortcuts shaping tourist preferences and provides guidance for adapting to the evolving travel landscape.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10053678
Theoretical paper Vol. 1, No. 1 (2023) • pp. 25-32

The role of contingency theory for tourist destinations management

Eda Kaya, Muhammet Caner Kaya

Contingency theory, known for its ability to adapt to dynamic conditions in an environment, has increasingly come to the fore as an agent of change in the ever-changing environment of the tourism industry. This study looks at the application of contingency theory in the tourism industry, with a particular focus on crisis management, community engagement, technological integration and the promotion of sustainable practices. The potential of the theory to be effective in managing uncertainties and promoting resilience in tourism destinations is presented in its ability to provide perspective. Furthermore, the paper recommends the application of the studies presented to investigate the enduring effects of contingency-oriented strategies on the long-term viability of tourism destinations. This paper emphasizes the interaction between contingency theory and new paradigms such as ecotourism, sustainable development and heritage conservation. It also suggests using contingency theory as a framework for understanding visitor behavior to increase the resilience, sustainability, and resilience of tourism destinations that are dynamic and complex.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10251165
Theoretical paper Vol. 1, No. 1 (2023) • pp. 33-39

Motivated tourists: Gastronomy image and its implications for destination managers

Gökhan Onat

The purpose of this theoretical paper is to provide the reader with a better understanding of the phenomenon by investigating the major relevance that gastronomy image has in the field of tourism destination management. The author makes use of the insights that can be obtained from the theory of motivation to provide direction for their subsequent investigation. Through its findings, the study sheds light on the numerous ways in which gastronomy influences the allure of locales, the degree of contentment that tourists have, and the entire experience that they have while they are on vacation. The purpose of this article is to investigate the ways in which gastronomy image have an impact on the choices that tourists make, as well as the activities that they engage in and the choices that they make. This paper draws conclusions based on previous research and conceptual frameworks that have been previously established.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10454540
Review Paper Vol. 1, No. 1 (2023) • pp. 41-51

Rize from the perspective of convention tourism: Review and evaluation

Melis Angın, Eren Erkılıç

Rize is a city in the Black Sea region and has an important tourism potential with its natural beauties and history. It is thought that convention tourism can offer an effective solution to further increase this potential and to maintain tourism activities consistently throughout the year. This study aims to increase the attractiveness of the destination by evaluating the potential of Rize in the field of Convention tourism. In the first stage, the current situation of Rize was examined in detail by content analysis method, and based on the data obtained, city-specific deficiencies and improvement areas were identified. This research is a guide that aims to reveal Rize's potential for growth and development in the field of Convention tourism.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10466382